Decreased ACh and M1 receptor signaling may contribute to cognitive impairments.Thought to be due to decreased choline acetyltransferase activity.Decreased production in the nucleus basalis of Meynert.Due to extra copy of APP (amyloid precursor protein) located on chromosome 21.Early onset associated with Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome).Increasing age, female gender, family history.Leads to emotional and psychological impairments.Widespread neurodegeneration, especially in medial temporal lobe.Finally, Alzheimer dementia can be treated with cholinesterase inhibitors like Donepezil, Rivastigmine, and Galantamine, as well as NMDA receptor antagonists like Memantine. These brain scans often reveal diffuse brain atrophy, with enlargement of the surrounding fluid spaces to occupy the space left by the shrunken brain. This is not ideal for diagnosing the disease in living patients, where clinical inference is preferred and brain imaging can be used to supplement a diagnosis. Alzheimer dementia can be definitively diagnosed through histopathology of brain sections under the microscope, which may reveal beta amyloid plaques or deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins known as neurofibrillary tangles. Patients with Alzheimer dementia generally present with a slow, gradual memory decline, along with impaired planning and visuospatial awareness, which can cause them to get lost in familiar environments. Neurotransmitter changes seen in Alzheimer patients include decreased acetylcholine levels, which may contribute to cognitive impairments. Early onset Alzheimer dementia is associated with trisomy 21, or Down syndrome. Summary Alzheimer dementia, also known as Alzheimer disease, is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects the medial temporal lobe, and in particular, the hippocampus.
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